Traktat waszyngtoński zezwalał Francji zbudowanie jeszcze
przez zakończeniem „wakacji morskich” dwóch nowych pancerników – których budowa
mogła być rozpoczęta odpowiednio w 1927 i 1929 r. Z tego prawa Francja nie
skorzystała, niemniej jednak pojawiły się projekty jednostek, jakie mogły by
zostać zbudowane. Poniżej prezentuję dwa z nich. Właściwie są to dwa warianty
tego samego projektu, bazujące w zasadzie na identycznym kadłubie. Wersja
„wolna” przewiduje okręt uzbrojony w 6 dział 406 mm (3 wieże 2-działowe),
pancerz burtowy 280 mm
i prędkość 27 w. W wersji „szybkiej” uzbrajanie składa się z 12 dział 305 mm (3 wieże 4-działowe),
zaś zwiększenie do blisko 33 w. prędkości odbyło się kosztem pocienienia
opancerzenia burtowego do 250
mm i ograniczenia zasięgu jednostki. W efekcie
otrzymujemy dwa okręty, z których jeden jest typowym szybkim pancernikiem, choć
z małą liczbą dział i nienadzwyczajnym opancerzeniem, a drugi czymś w rodzaju
krążownika liniowego (mimo iż kaliber artylerii stawiał by go znacznie niżej od
ówczesnych pancerników, to sami Francuzi określali ten projekt jako „croisseur
de bataille”). Wersja „wolna” w zasadzie musiała by się obawiać starcia tylko z
japońskim Nagato i Hoodem, mogąc uchylić się – dzięki posiadanej przewadze
prędkości - od bitwy z każdym silniejszym pancernikiem. Oczywiście – jak na
pancernik nie jest to specjalnie dobra rekomendacja.. Co do wersji „szybkiej” –
ten okręt z kolei co prawda zwiałby praktycznie przed każdym przeciwnikiem, ale
nie nadawałby się do walki z niczym powyżej krążownika ciężkiego, co w sumie
też stawia pod sporym znakiem zapytania sensowność jego budowy..
Massena, french battleship laid down 1927 (Engine 1929)
Displacement:
32 925 t light; 34 790 t standard; 37 016 t normal; 38 797 t full load
Dimensions: Length overall / water x beam x draught
835,40 ft / 821,03 ft x 100,00 ft x 29,49 ft (normal load)
254,63 m / 250,25 m x 30,48 m x 8,99 m
Armament:
6 - 15,98" / 406 mm guns (3x2 guns), 2 041,96lbs / 926,22kg shells, 1927 Model
Breech loading guns in turrets (on barbettes)
on centreline ends, majority forward, 1 raised mount - superfiring
8 - 5,12" / 130 mm guns (2x4 guns), 67,03lbs / 30,40kg shells, 1927 Model
Quick firing guns in turrets (on barbettes)
on side, all forward
4 - 5,12" / 130 mm guns (1x4 guns), 67,03lbs / 30,40kg shells, 1927 Model
Quick firing guns in a turret (on a barbette)
on centreline aft
8 - 3,54" / 90,0 mm guns in single mounts, 22,24lbs / 10,09kg shells, 1927 Model
Anti-aircraft guns in deck mounts
on side, all amidships
12 - 1,85" / 47,0 mm guns in single mounts, 3,17lbs / 1,44kg shells, 1927 Model
Anti-aircraft guns in deck mounts
on side ends, evenly spread
Weight of broadside 13 272 lbs / 6 020 kg
Shells per gun, main battery: 150
Armour:
- Belts: Width (max) Length (avg) Height (avg)
Main: 11,0" / 280 mm 525,00 ft / 160,02 m 15,75 ft / 4,80 m
Ends: Unarmoured
Main Belt covers 98% of normal length
- Torpedo Bulkhead:
3,15" / 80 mm 525,00 ft / 160,02 m 14,60 ft / 4,45 m
- Gun armour: Face (max) Other gunhouse (avg) Barbette/hoist (max)
Main: 11,8" / 300 mm 7,87" / 200 mm 11,8" / 300 mm
2nd: 1,97" / 50 mm 1,57" / 40 mm 1,97" / 50 mm
3rd: 1,97" / 50 mm 1,57" / 40 mm 1,97" / 50 mm
- Armour deck: 2,95" / 75 mm, Conning tower: 11,81" / 300 mm
Machinery:
Oil fired boilers, steam turbines,
Geared drive, 4 shafts, 90 451 shp / 67 477 Kw = 27,00 kts
Range 7 500nm at 15,00 kts
Bunker at max displacement = 4 006 tons
Complement:
1 333 - 1 734
Cost:
£10,672 million / $42,689 million
Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
Armament: 1 659 tons, 4,5%
Armour: 10 857 tons, 29,3%
- Belts: 3 881 tons, 10,5%
- Torpedo bulkhead: 893 tons, 2,4%
- Armament: 2 714 tons, 7,3%
- Armour Deck: 3 086 tons, 8,3%
- Conning Tower: 283 tons, 0,8%
Machinery: 2 778 tons, 7,5%
Hull, fittings & equipment: 17 531 tons, 47,4%
Fuel, ammunition & stores: 4 091 tons, 11,1%
Miscellaneous weights: 100 tons, 0,3%
Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
71 157 lbs / 32 276 Kg = 34,8 x 16,0 " / 406 mm shells or 11,0 torpedoes
Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1,08
Metacentric height 5,8 ft / 1,8 m
Roll period: 17,5 seconds
Steadiness - As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 85 %
- Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0,93
Seaboat quality (Average = 1.00): 1,70
Hull form characteristics:
Hull has rise forward of midbreak
Block coefficient: 0,535
Length to Beam Ratio: 8,21 : 1
'Natural speed' for length: 28,65 kts
Power going to wave formation at top speed: 43 %
Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 50
Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 10,00 degrees
Stern overhang: 8,01 ft / 2,44 m
Freeboard (% = measuring location as a percentage of overall length):
- Stem: 36,09 ft / 11,00 m
- Forecastle (18%): 29,53 ft / 9,00 m
- Mid (71%): 29,53 ft / 9,00 m (21,33 ft / 6,50 m aft of break)
- Quarterdeck (19%): 21,33 ft / 6,50 m
- Stern: 21,33 ft / 6,50 m
- Average freeboard: 27,59 ft / 8,41 m
Ship space, strength and comments:
Space - Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 75,1%
- Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 226,9%
Waterplane Area: 56 500 Square feet or 5 249 Square metres
Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 124%
Structure weight / hull surface area: 210 lbs/sq ft or 1 026 Kg/sq metre
Hull strength (Relative):
- Cross-sectional: 1,04
- Longitudinal: 1,61
- Overall: 1,09
Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is excellent
Room for accommodation and workspaces is excellent
Ship has slow, easy roll, a good, steady gun platform
Excellent seaboat, comfortable, can fire her guns in the heaviest weather
Displacement:
32 925 t light; 34 790 t standard; 37 016 t normal; 38 797 t full load
Dimensions: Length overall / water x beam x draught
835,40 ft / 821,03 ft x 100,00 ft x 29,49 ft (normal load)
254,63 m / 250,25 m x 30,48 m x 8,99 m
Armament:
6 - 15,98" / 406 mm guns (3x2 guns), 2 041,96lbs / 926,22kg shells, 1927 Model
Breech loading guns in turrets (on barbettes)
on centreline ends, majority forward, 1 raised mount - superfiring
8 - 5,12" / 130 mm guns (2x4 guns), 67,03lbs / 30,40kg shells, 1927 Model
Quick firing guns in turrets (on barbettes)
on side, all forward
4 - 5,12" / 130 mm guns (1x4 guns), 67,03lbs / 30,40kg shells, 1927 Model
Quick firing guns in a turret (on a barbette)
on centreline aft
8 - 3,54" / 90,0 mm guns in single mounts, 22,24lbs / 10,09kg shells, 1927 Model
Anti-aircraft guns in deck mounts
on side, all amidships
12 - 1,85" / 47,0 mm guns in single mounts, 3,17lbs / 1,44kg shells, 1927 Model
Anti-aircraft guns in deck mounts
on side ends, evenly spread
Weight of broadside 13 272 lbs / 6 020 kg
Shells per gun, main battery: 150
Armour:
- Belts: Width (max) Length (avg) Height (avg)
Main: 11,0" / 280 mm 525,00 ft / 160,02 m 15,75 ft / 4,80 m
Ends: Unarmoured
Main Belt covers 98% of normal length
- Torpedo Bulkhead:
3,15" / 80 mm 525,00 ft / 160,02 m 14,60 ft / 4,45 m
- Gun armour: Face (max) Other gunhouse (avg) Barbette/hoist (max)
Main: 11,8" / 300 mm 7,87" / 200 mm 11,8" / 300 mm
2nd: 1,97" / 50 mm 1,57" / 40 mm 1,97" / 50 mm
3rd: 1,97" / 50 mm 1,57" / 40 mm 1,97" / 50 mm
- Armour deck: 2,95" / 75 mm, Conning tower: 11,81" / 300 mm
Machinery:
Oil fired boilers, steam turbines,
Geared drive, 4 shafts, 90 451 shp / 67 477 Kw = 27,00 kts
Range 7 500nm at 15,00 kts
Bunker at max displacement = 4 006 tons
Complement:
1 333 - 1 734
Cost:
£10,672 million / $42,689 million
Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
Armament: 1 659 tons, 4,5%
Armour: 10 857 tons, 29,3%
- Belts: 3 881 tons, 10,5%
- Torpedo bulkhead: 893 tons, 2,4%
- Armament: 2 714 tons, 7,3%
- Armour Deck: 3 086 tons, 8,3%
- Conning Tower: 283 tons, 0,8%
Machinery: 2 778 tons, 7,5%
Hull, fittings & equipment: 17 531 tons, 47,4%
Fuel, ammunition & stores: 4 091 tons, 11,1%
Miscellaneous weights: 100 tons, 0,3%
Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
71 157 lbs / 32 276 Kg = 34,8 x 16,0 " / 406 mm shells or 11,0 torpedoes
Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1,08
Metacentric height 5,8 ft / 1,8 m
Roll period: 17,5 seconds
Steadiness - As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 85 %
- Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0,93
Seaboat quality (Average = 1.00): 1,70
Hull form characteristics:
Hull has rise forward of midbreak
Block coefficient: 0,535
Length to Beam Ratio: 8,21 : 1
'Natural speed' for length: 28,65 kts
Power going to wave formation at top speed: 43 %
Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 50
Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 10,00 degrees
Stern overhang: 8,01 ft / 2,44 m
Freeboard (% = measuring location as a percentage of overall length):
- Stem: 36,09 ft / 11,00 m
- Forecastle (18%): 29,53 ft / 9,00 m
- Mid (71%): 29,53 ft / 9,00 m (21,33 ft / 6,50 m aft of break)
- Quarterdeck (19%): 21,33 ft / 6,50 m
- Stern: 21,33 ft / 6,50 m
- Average freeboard: 27,59 ft / 8,41 m
Ship space, strength and comments:
Space - Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 75,1%
- Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 226,9%
Waterplane Area: 56 500 Square feet or 5 249 Square metres
Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 124%
Structure weight / hull surface area: 210 lbs/sq ft or 1 026 Kg/sq metre
Hull strength (Relative):
- Cross-sectional: 1,04
- Longitudinal: 1,61
- Overall: 1,09
Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is excellent
Room for accommodation and workspaces is excellent
Ship has slow, easy roll, a good, steady gun platform
Excellent seaboat, comfortable, can fire her guns in the heaviest weather
Displacement:
33 201 t light; 34 911 t standard; 37 016 t normal; 38 700 t full load
Dimensions: Length overall / water x beam x draught
835,40 ft / 821,03 ft x 100,00 ft x 29,49 ft (normal load)
254,63 m / 250,25 m x 30,48 m x 8,99 m
Armament:
12 - 12,01" / 305 mm guns (3x4 guns), 865,70lbs / 392,67kg shells, 1929 Model
Breech loading guns in turrets (on barbettes)
on centreline ends, majority forward, 1 raised mount - superfiring
8 - 5,12" / 130 mm guns (2x4 guns), 67,03lbs / 30,40kg shells, 1929 Model
Quick firing guns in turrets (on barbettes)
on side, all forward
4 - 5,12" / 130 mm guns (1x4 guns), 67,03lbs / 30,40kg shells, 1929 Model
Quick firing guns in a turret (on a barbette)
on centreline aft
8 - 3,54" / 90,0 mm guns in single mounts, 22,24lbs / 10,09kg shells, 1929 Model
Anti-aircraft guns in deck mounts
on side, all amidships
12 - 1,85" / 47,0 mm guns in single mounts, 3,17lbs / 1,44kg shells, 1929 Model
Anti-aircraft guns in deck mounts
on side ends, evenly spread
Weight of broadside 11 409 lbs / 5 175 kg
Shells per gun, main battery: 150
Armour:
- Belts: Width (max) Length (avg) Height (avg)
Main: 9,84" / 250 mm 525,00 ft / 160,02 m 15,75 ft / 4,80 m
Ends: Unarmoured
Main Belt covers 98% of normal length
Main belt does not fully cover magazines and engineering spaces
- Torpedo Bulkhead:
3,15" / 80 mm 525,00 ft / 160,02 m 14,60 ft / 4,45 m
- Gun armour: Face (max) Other gunhouse (avg) Barbette/hoist (max)
Main: 11,8" / 300 mm 7,87" / 200 mm 11,8" / 300 mm
2nd: 1,97" / 50 mm 1,57" / 40 mm 1,97" / 50 mm
3rd: 1,97" / 50 mm 1,57" / 40 mm 1,97" / 50 mm
- Armour deck: 2,95" / 75 mm, Conning tower: 11,81" / 300 mm
Machinery:
Oil fired boilers, steam turbines,
Geared drive, 4 shafts, 185 098 shp / 138 083 Kw = 32,50 kts
Range 7 200nm at 15,00 kts
Bunker at max displacement = 3 790 tons
Complement:
1 333 - 1 734
Cost:
£12,540 million / $50,158 million
Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
Armament: 1 426 tons, 3,9%
Armour: 10 302 tons, 27,8%
- Belts: 3 466 tons, 9,4%
- Torpedo bulkhead: 893 tons, 2,4%
- Armament: 2 575 tons, 7,0%
- Armour Deck: 3 086 tons, 8,3%
- Conning Tower: 283 tons, 0,8%
Machinery: 5 535 tons, 15,0%
Hull, fittings & equipment: 15 837 tons, 42,8%
Fuel, ammunition & stores: 3 815 tons, 10,3%
Miscellaneous weights: 100 tons, 0,3%
Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
55 251 lbs / 25 061 Kg = 63,8 x 12,0 " / 305 mm shells or 7,2 torpedoes
Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1,13
Metacentric height 6,3 ft / 1,9 m
Roll period: 16,8 seconds
Steadiness - As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 63 %
- Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0,64
Seaboat quality (Average = 1.00): 1,27
Hull form characteristics:
Hull has rise forward of midbreak
Block coefficient: 0,535
Length to Beam Ratio: 8,21 : 1
'Natural speed' for length: 28,65 kts
Power going to wave formation at top speed: 53 %
Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 50
Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 10,00 degrees
Stern overhang: 8,01 ft / 2,44 m
Freeboard (% = measuring location as a percentage of overall length):
- Stem: 36,09 ft / 11,00 m
- Forecastle (18%): 29,53 ft / 9,00 m
- Mid (71%): 29,53 ft / 9,00 m (21,33 ft / 6,50 m aft of break)
- Quarterdeck (19%): 21,33 ft / 6,50 m
- Stern: 21,33 ft / 6,50 m
- Average freeboard: 27,59 ft / 8,41 m
Ship space, strength and comments:
Space - Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 98,9%
- Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 226,9%
Waterplane Area: 56 500 Square feet or 5 249 Square metres
Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 113%
Structure weight / hull surface area: 190 lbs/sq ft or 927 Kg/sq metre
Hull strength (Relative):
- Cross-sectional: 0,97
- Longitudinal: 1,40
- Overall: 1,00
Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is adequate
Room for accommodation and workspaces is excellent
Good seaboat, rides out heavy weather easily
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