Jak
wiadomo, już w latach 60-tych XIX w. flota japońska, dotychczas
zupełnie przestarzała i nieodpowiadająca wymogom współczesnego pola
walki, rozpoczęła modernizację,zamawiając w stoczniach zagranicznych
m.in. kilka niedużych okrętów pancernych.Ciągle jednak była to co
najwyżej flota obrony wybrzeża, jedynymi prawdziwie ofensywnymi (choć
nieudanymi) okrętami były krążowniki typu Matsushima, które weszły do
służby dopiero w pierwszej połowie lat 90-tych XIX w. Okres budowy
ofensywnej floty z prawdziwego zdarzenia to jednak dopiero przełom XIX i
XX w.,już po wojnie z Chinami. Zbudowane wówczas jednostki były w
stanie rzucić wyzwanie i pokonać flotę rosyjską. Zastanawiałem się
ostatnio,jakby mogła by wyglądać flota japońska, gdyby kraj ten
zdecydował się wcześniej niż to miało miejsce w rzeczywistości, wejść na
drogę militarnej ekspansji i co za tym idzie – budowę silnej floty o
charakterze ofensywnym. Temu zagadnieniu zamierzam poświęcić najbliższe
posty. Oczywiście, główny potencjalny przeciwnik, Chiny nie posiadał w
latach 60-tych jeszcze silnej floty, niemniej wydaje się, że Japończycy i
tak musieli by się zabezpieczyć na morzu przed ryzykiem ewentualnej
interwencji mocarstw zachodnich, co przecież w rzeczywistości się
zdarzało. Stąd wydaje się koniecznym budowa floty pancernej już od
samego początku. Zatem, zaczynamy od projektu pancernika
bateryjnego,fregaty i korwety z pełnym ożaglowaniem, zbudowanych w
pierwszej połowie lat 60-tych XIX w.
Hizen, japanese battleship laid down 1863 (Engine 1864)
Armoured Frigate (Broadside ironclad)
Displacement:
5 012 t light; 5 293 t standard; 5 791 t normal; 6 189 t full load
Dimensions: Length overall / water x beam x draught
274,67 ft / 274,67 ft x 54,66 ft x 23,20 ft (normal load)
83,72 m / 83,72 m x 16,66 m x 7,07 m
Armament:
20 - 300pdr guns in single mounts, 1863 Model
Smoothbore guns in broadside mounts
on side, evenly spread
20 guns on gundeck (upper belt level) - Limited use in all but light seas
Weight of broadside 3 000 lbs / 1 361 kg
Shells per gun, main battery: 120
Armour:
- Belts: Width (max) Length (avg) Height (avg)
Main: 5,98" / 152 mm 231,14 ft / 70,45 m 7,09 ft / 2,16 m
Ends: Unarmoured
Main Belt covers 129% of normal length
- Gun armour: Face (max) Other gunhouse (avg) Barbette/hoist (max)
Main: 4,49" / 114 mm - -
- Armour deck: 1,18" / 30 mm, Conning tower: 4,02" / 102 mm
Machinery:
Coal fired boilers, simple reciprocating steam engines,
Direct drive, 1 shaft, 3 946 ihp / 2 944 Kw = 13,70 kts
Range 2 700nm at 8,00 kts
Bunker at max displacement = 895 tons (100% coal)
Complement:
631
Cost:
£0,594 million / $2,374 million
Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
Armament: 311 tons, 5,4%
Armour: 1 076 tons, 18,6%
- Belts: 408 tons, 7,1%
- Torpedo bulkhead: 0 tons, 0,0%
- Armament: 410 tons, 7,1%
- Armour Deck: 230 tons, 4,0%
- Conning Tower: 28 tons, 0,5%
Machinery: 1 119 tons, 19,3%
Hull, fittings & equipment: 2 002 tons, 34,6%
Fuel, ammunition & stores: 779 tons, 13,5%
Miscellaneous weights: 503 tons, 8,7%
Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
2 287 lbs / 1 037 Kg = 18,4 x 7,5 " / 190 mm shells or 0,5 torpedoes
Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1,45
Metacentric height 3,9 ft / 1,2 m
Roll period: 11,7 seconds
Steadiness - As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 63 %
- Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0,19
Seaboat quality (Average = 1.00): 1,26
Hull form characteristics:
Hull has a flush deck
Block coefficient: 0,582
Length to Beam Ratio: 5,03 : 1
'Natural speed' for length: 16,57 kts
Power going to wave formation at top speed: 44 %
Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 50
Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): -5,00 degrees
Stern overhang: 0,00 ft / 0,00 m
Freeboard (% = measuring location as a percentage of overall length):
- Stem: 14,34 ft / 4,37 m
- Forecastle (20%): 13,55 ft / 4,13 m
- Mid (50%): 13,55 ft / 4,13 m
- Quarterdeck (15%): 13,55 ft / 4,13 m
- Stern: 13,91 ft / 4,24 m
- Average freeboard: 13,64 ft / 4,16 m
Ship tends to be wet forward
Ship space, strength and comments:
Space - Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 112,7%
- Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 82,1%
Waterplane Area: 10 529 Square feet or 978 Square metres
Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 92%
Structure weight / hull surface area: 131 lbs/sq ft or 639 Kg/sq metre
Hull strength (Relative):
- Cross-sectional: 0,93
- Longitudinal: 2,16
- Overall: 1,01
Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is cramped
Room for accommodation and workspaces is cramped
Good seaboat, rides out heavy weather easily
Hizen, japanese battleship laid down 1863 (Engine 1864)
Armoured Frigate (Broadside ironclad)
Displacement:
5 012 t light; 5 293 t standard; 5 791 t normal; 6 189 t full load
Dimensions: Length overall / water x beam x draught
274,67 ft / 274,67 ft x 54,66 ft x 23,20 ft (normal load)
83,72 m / 83,72 m x 16,66 m x 7,07 m
Armament:
20 - 300pdr guns in single mounts, 1863 Model
Smoothbore guns in broadside mounts
on side, evenly spread
20 guns on gundeck (upper belt level) - Limited use in all but light seas
Weight of broadside 3 000 lbs / 1 361 kg
Shells per gun, main battery: 120
Armour:
- Belts: Width (max) Length (avg) Height (avg)
Main: 5,98" / 152 mm 231,14 ft / 70,45 m 7,09 ft / 2,16 m
Ends: Unarmoured
Main Belt covers 129% of normal length
- Gun armour: Face (max) Other gunhouse (avg) Barbette/hoist (max)
Main: 4,49" / 114 mm - -
- Armour deck: 1,18" / 30 mm, Conning tower: 4,02" / 102 mm
Machinery:
Coal fired boilers, simple reciprocating steam engines,
Direct drive, 1 shaft, 3 946 ihp / 2 944 Kw = 13,70 kts
Range 2 700nm at 8,00 kts
Bunker at max displacement = 895 tons (100% coal)
Complement:
631
Cost:
£0,594 million / $2,374 million
Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
Armament: 311 tons, 5,4%
Armour: 1 076 tons, 18,6%
- Belts: 408 tons, 7,1%
- Torpedo bulkhead: 0 tons, 0,0%
- Armament: 410 tons, 7,1%
- Armour Deck: 230 tons, 4,0%
- Conning Tower: 28 tons, 0,5%
Machinery: 1 119 tons, 19,3%
Hull, fittings & equipment: 2 002 tons, 34,6%
Fuel, ammunition & stores: 779 tons, 13,5%
Miscellaneous weights: 503 tons, 8,7%
Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
2 287 lbs / 1 037 Kg = 18,4 x 7,5 " / 190 mm shells or 0,5 torpedoes
Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1,45
Metacentric height 3,9 ft / 1,2 m
Roll period: 11,7 seconds
Steadiness - As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 63 %
- Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0,19
Seaboat quality (Average = 1.00): 1,26
Hull form characteristics:
Hull has a flush deck
Block coefficient: 0,582
Length to Beam Ratio: 5,03 : 1
'Natural speed' for length: 16,57 kts
Power going to wave formation at top speed: 44 %
Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 50
Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): -5,00 degrees
Stern overhang: 0,00 ft / 0,00 m
Freeboard (% = measuring location as a percentage of overall length):
- Stem: 14,34 ft / 4,37 m
- Forecastle (20%): 13,55 ft / 4,13 m
- Mid (50%): 13,55 ft / 4,13 m
- Quarterdeck (15%): 13,55 ft / 4,13 m
- Stern: 13,91 ft / 4,24 m
- Average freeboard: 13,64 ft / 4,16 m
Ship tends to be wet forward
Ship space, strength and comments:
Space - Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 112,7%
- Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 82,1%
Waterplane Area: 10 529 Square feet or 978 Square metres
Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 92%
Structure weight / hull surface area: 131 lbs/sq ft or 639 Kg/sq metre
Hull strength (Relative):
- Cross-sectional: 0,93
- Longitudinal: 2,16
- Overall: 1,01
Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is cramped
Room for accommodation and workspaces is cramped
Good seaboat, rides out heavy weather easily
Okręty w typie:
Hizen (1864)
Yoshino (1864)
Harima (1865)
Awaji (1865)
Ashigara, japanese frigate laid down 1863 (Engine 1864)
Displacement:
3 193 t light; 3 346 t standard; 4 030 t normal; 4 578 t full load
Dimensions: Length overall / water x beam x draught
258,30 ft / 250,10 ft x 47,15 ft x 22,11 ft (normal load)
78,73 m / 76,23 m x 14,37 m x 6,74 m
Armament:
20 - 100pdr guns in single mounts, 1863 Model
Smoothbore guns in broadside mounts
on side, evenly spread
20 guns on gundeck (upper belt level) - Limited use in all but light seas
1 - 300pdr guns in single mounts, 1863 Model
Smoothbore gun in deck mount
on centreline aft
Weight of broadside 1 300 lbs / 590 kg
Shells per gun, main battery: 115
Armour:
- Conning tower: 2,56" / 65 mm
Machinery:
Coal fired boilers, simple reciprocating steam engines,
Direct drive, 1 shaft, 5 028 ihp / 3 751 Kw = 15,40 kts
Range 2 800nm at 10,00 kts
Bunker at max displacement = 1 231 tons (100% coal)
Complement:
480
Cost:
£0,426 million / $1,706 million
Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
Armament: 140 tons, 3,5%
Armour: 14 tons, 0,3%
- Belts: 0 tons, 0,0%
- Torpedo bulkhead: 0 tons, 0,0%
- Armament: 0 tons, 0,0%
- Armour Deck: 0 tons, 0,0%
- Conning Tower: 14 tons, 0,3%
Machinery: 1 407 tons, 34,9%
Hull, fittings & equipment: 1 309 tons, 32,5%
Fuel, ammunition & stores: 837 tons, 20,8%
Miscellaneous weights: 323 tons, 8,0%
Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
890 lbs / 404 Kg = 17,9 x 5,5 " / 140 mm shells or 0,3 torpedoes
Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1,43
Metacentric height 3,0 ft / 0,9 m
Roll period: 11,4 seconds
Steadiness - As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 46 %
- Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0,13
Seaboat quality (Average = 1.00): 0,84
Hull form characteristics:
Hull has a flush deck
Block coefficient: 0,541
Length to Beam Ratio: 5,30 : 1
'Natural speed' for length: 15,81 kts
Power going to wave formation at top speed: 51 %
Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 50
Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 30,00 degrees
Stern overhang: 0,00 ft / 0,00 m
Freeboard (% = measuring location as a percentage of overall length):
- Stem: 14,21 ft / 4,33 m
- Forecastle (20%): 12,04 ft / 3,67 m
- Mid (50%): 12,04 ft / 3,67 m
- Quarterdeck (15%): 12,04 ft / 3,67 m
- Stern: 13,06 ft / 3,98 m
- Average freeboard: 12,29 ft / 3,75 m
Ship tends to be wet forward
Ship space, strength and comments:
Space - Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 147,7%
- Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 71,9%
Waterplane Area: 7 901 Square feet or 734 Square metres
Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 94%
Structure weight / hull surface area: 109 lbs/sq ft or 534 Kg/sq metre
Hull strength (Relative):
- Cross-sectional: 0,92
- Longitudinal: 2,18
- Overall: 1,00
Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is cramped
Room for accommodation and workspaces is cramped
Poor seaboat, wet and uncomfortable, reduced performance in heavy weather
Okręty w typie:
Ashigara (1864)
Asama (1864)
Ibuki (1865)
Amagi (1865)
Chikuma, japanese corvette laid down 1863 (Engine 1864)
Displacement:
1 410 t light; 1 459 t standard; 1 669 t normal; 1 837 t full load
Dimensions: Length overall / water x beam x draught
206,94 ft / 199,38 ft x 33,66 ft x 16,21 ft (normal load)
63,08 m / 60,77 m x 10,26 m x 4,94 m
Armament:
10 - 68pdr guns in single mounts, 1863 Model
Smoothbore guns in broadside mounts
on side, evenly spread
10 guns on gundeck (upper belt level) - Limited use in all but light seas
Weight of broadside 340 lbs / 154 kg
Shells per gun, main battery: 100
Machinery:
Coal fired boilers, simple reciprocating steam engines,
Direct drive, 1 shaft, 2 151 ihp / 1 604 Kw = 14,00 kts
Range 2 100nm at 8,50 kts
Bunker at max displacement = 379 tons (100% coal)
Complement:
249
Cost:
£0,164 million / $0,655 million
Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
Armament: 35 tons, 2,1%
Machinery: 610 tons, 36,5%
Hull, fittings & equipment: 632 tons, 37,9%
Fuel, ammunition & stores: 259 tons, 15,5%
Miscellaneous weights: 134 tons, 8,0%
Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
559 lbs / 253 Kg = 20,2 x 4,5 " / 115 mm shells or 0,2 torpedoes
Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1,25
Metacentric height 1,5 ft / 0,4 m
Roll period: 11,7 seconds
Steadiness - As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 100 %
- Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0,20
Seaboat quality (Average = 1.00): 2,00
Hull form characteristics:
Hull has a flush deck
Block coefficient: 0,537
Length to Beam Ratio: 5,92 : 1
'Natural speed' for length: 14,12 kts
Power going to wave formation at top speed: 49 %
Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 50
Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 29,00 degrees
Stern overhang: 0,00 ft / 0,00 m
Freeboard (% = measuring location as a percentage of overall length):
- Stem: 13,65 ft / 4,16 m
- Forecastle (20%): 12,17 ft / 3,71 m
- Mid (50%): 12,17 ft / 3,71 m
- Quarterdeck (15%): 12,17 ft / 3,71 m
- Stern: 12,40 ft / 3,78 m
- Average freeboard: 12,31 ft / 3,75 m
Ship tends to be wet forward
Ship space, strength and comments:
Space - Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 142,3%
- Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 80,5%
Waterplane Area: 4 477 Square feet or 416 Square metres
Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 102%
Structure weight / hull surface area: 75 lbs/sq ft or 364 Kg/sq metre
Hull strength (Relative):
- Cross-sectional: 0,85
- Longitudinal: 4,43
- Overall: 1,00
Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is cramped
Room for accommodation and workspaces is cramped
Ship has slow, easy roll, a good, steady gun platform
Excellent seaboat, comfortable, can fire her guns in the heaviest weather
Okręty w typie:
Chikuma (1864)
Kushiro (1864)
Sumida (1864)
Nagara (1865)
Tone (1865)
Yodo (1865)
Hizen (1864)
Yoshino (1864)
Harima (1865)
Awaji (1865)
Ashigara, japanese frigate laid down 1863 (Engine 1864)
Displacement:
3 193 t light; 3 346 t standard; 4 030 t normal; 4 578 t full load
Dimensions: Length overall / water x beam x draught
258,30 ft / 250,10 ft x 47,15 ft x 22,11 ft (normal load)
78,73 m / 76,23 m x 14,37 m x 6,74 m
Armament:
20 - 100pdr guns in single mounts, 1863 Model
Smoothbore guns in broadside mounts
on side, evenly spread
20 guns on gundeck (upper belt level) - Limited use in all but light seas
1 - 300pdr guns in single mounts, 1863 Model
Smoothbore gun in deck mount
on centreline aft
Weight of broadside 1 300 lbs / 590 kg
Shells per gun, main battery: 115
Armour:
- Conning tower: 2,56" / 65 mm
Machinery:
Coal fired boilers, simple reciprocating steam engines,
Direct drive, 1 shaft, 5 028 ihp / 3 751 Kw = 15,40 kts
Range 2 800nm at 10,00 kts
Bunker at max displacement = 1 231 tons (100% coal)
Complement:
480
Cost:
£0,426 million / $1,706 million
Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
Armament: 140 tons, 3,5%
Armour: 14 tons, 0,3%
- Belts: 0 tons, 0,0%
- Torpedo bulkhead: 0 tons, 0,0%
- Armament: 0 tons, 0,0%
- Armour Deck: 0 tons, 0,0%
- Conning Tower: 14 tons, 0,3%
Machinery: 1 407 tons, 34,9%
Hull, fittings & equipment: 1 309 tons, 32,5%
Fuel, ammunition & stores: 837 tons, 20,8%
Miscellaneous weights: 323 tons, 8,0%
Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
890 lbs / 404 Kg = 17,9 x 5,5 " / 140 mm shells or 0,3 torpedoes
Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1,43
Metacentric height 3,0 ft / 0,9 m
Roll period: 11,4 seconds
Steadiness - As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 46 %
- Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0,13
Seaboat quality (Average = 1.00): 0,84
Hull form characteristics:
Hull has a flush deck
Block coefficient: 0,541
Length to Beam Ratio: 5,30 : 1
'Natural speed' for length: 15,81 kts
Power going to wave formation at top speed: 51 %
Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 50
Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 30,00 degrees
Stern overhang: 0,00 ft / 0,00 m
Freeboard (% = measuring location as a percentage of overall length):
- Stem: 14,21 ft / 4,33 m
- Forecastle (20%): 12,04 ft / 3,67 m
- Mid (50%): 12,04 ft / 3,67 m
- Quarterdeck (15%): 12,04 ft / 3,67 m
- Stern: 13,06 ft / 3,98 m
- Average freeboard: 12,29 ft / 3,75 m
Ship tends to be wet forward
Ship space, strength and comments:
Space - Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 147,7%
- Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 71,9%
Waterplane Area: 7 901 Square feet or 734 Square metres
Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 94%
Structure weight / hull surface area: 109 lbs/sq ft or 534 Kg/sq metre
Hull strength (Relative):
- Cross-sectional: 0,92
- Longitudinal: 2,18
- Overall: 1,00
Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is cramped
Room for accommodation and workspaces is cramped
Poor seaboat, wet and uncomfortable, reduced performance in heavy weather
Okręty w typie:
Ashigara (1864)
Asama (1864)
Ibuki (1865)
Amagi (1865)
Chikuma, japanese corvette laid down 1863 (Engine 1864)
Displacement:
1 410 t light; 1 459 t standard; 1 669 t normal; 1 837 t full load
Dimensions: Length overall / water x beam x draught
206,94 ft / 199,38 ft x 33,66 ft x 16,21 ft (normal load)
63,08 m / 60,77 m x 10,26 m x 4,94 m
Armament:
10 - 68pdr guns in single mounts, 1863 Model
Smoothbore guns in broadside mounts
on side, evenly spread
10 guns on gundeck (upper belt level) - Limited use in all but light seas
Weight of broadside 340 lbs / 154 kg
Shells per gun, main battery: 100
Machinery:
Coal fired boilers, simple reciprocating steam engines,
Direct drive, 1 shaft, 2 151 ihp / 1 604 Kw = 14,00 kts
Range 2 100nm at 8,50 kts
Bunker at max displacement = 379 tons (100% coal)
Complement:
249
Cost:
£0,164 million / $0,655 million
Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
Armament: 35 tons, 2,1%
Machinery: 610 tons, 36,5%
Hull, fittings & equipment: 632 tons, 37,9%
Fuel, ammunition & stores: 259 tons, 15,5%
Miscellaneous weights: 134 tons, 8,0%
Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
559 lbs / 253 Kg = 20,2 x 4,5 " / 115 mm shells or 0,2 torpedoes
Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1,25
Metacentric height 1,5 ft / 0,4 m
Roll period: 11,7 seconds
Steadiness - As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 100 %
- Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0,20
Seaboat quality (Average = 1.00): 2,00
Hull form characteristics:
Hull has a flush deck
Block coefficient: 0,537
Length to Beam Ratio: 5,92 : 1
'Natural speed' for length: 14,12 kts
Power going to wave formation at top speed: 49 %
Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 50
Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 29,00 degrees
Stern overhang: 0,00 ft / 0,00 m
Freeboard (% = measuring location as a percentage of overall length):
- Stem: 13,65 ft / 4,16 m
- Forecastle (20%): 12,17 ft / 3,71 m
- Mid (50%): 12,17 ft / 3,71 m
- Quarterdeck (15%): 12,17 ft / 3,71 m
- Stern: 12,40 ft / 3,78 m
- Average freeboard: 12,31 ft / 3,75 m
Ship tends to be wet forward
Ship space, strength and comments:
Space - Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 142,3%
- Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 80,5%
Waterplane Area: 4 477 Square feet or 416 Square metres
Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 102%
Structure weight / hull surface area: 75 lbs/sq ft or 364 Kg/sq metre
Hull strength (Relative):
- Cross-sectional: 0,85
- Longitudinal: 4,43
- Overall: 1,00
Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is cramped
Room for accommodation and workspaces is cramped
Ship has slow, easy roll, a good, steady gun platform
Excellent seaboat, comfortable, can fire her guns in the heaviest weather
Okręty w typie:
Chikuma (1864)
Kushiro (1864)
Sumida (1864)
Nagara (1865)
Tone (1865)
Yodo (1865)
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